This is a rare M42x1-M39x1 adapter:

It is for a M42x1 lens and for a M39x1 camera:

Reverse (M39x1-M42x1) adapters are known, they look like a ring, whereas this adapter looks like a step-up adapter for photographic filters. But it is not, because filters of this size usually have the 0.75mm thread pitch (or even less). This adapter has the 1mm thread pitch (for lenses, not for filters).
Warning: Some sellers misrepresent this adapter as a filter step-up adapter, so clarify the information.
It is possible to mount a M42x1 lens:

And it can be mounted on a M39x1 camera (in this case the M39x1-Sony FE adapter):

But you have to take into account that the adapter is thin (about 4.5mm). It does not correspond to the difference in flange focal distances of M42x1/45.5mm and M39x1/28.8mm (rangefinder), i.e. 45.5-28.8=16.7mm. Therefore, focusing will be far beyond infinity. For real use you have to use extension tubes (16.7-4.5=~12.2mm) or the like.
And of course there is no rangefinder coupling if you want to use the adapter with a M39x1/28.8 rangefinder camera.
Also note that not all lenses can be screwed in completely because the M42x1 thread length of the adapter is quite short (4mm). For example, the Takumar 105/2.8 (Pre-Set II):

You can see the gap between the lens flange and the adapter. You can use it this way, but keep in mind that it increases the flange focal distance of the lens.
Such an adapter (like the M42x1-Sony FE/E thin adapter) is usually used for experiments with non-standard [adapted] lenses.
See also related notes:
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